Transpiration Loss

{Sm³kv]n-td-j³ aqe-apÅ Pe-\jvSw

kk-y-§Ä h-en-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ Pe-¯nsâ 95% hpw {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ aqeamWv \-ã-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. h-en-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ Pe-¯nsâ 5% am{Xta {]Imi kwivtf-j-W-¯n\pw icoc hfÀ¨bv¡pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ km[n-¡q. {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ aqew-\jvS-s¸-Sp-¶ Pe-¯nsâ 95 -i-X-am-\hpw C-e-I-fp-sS A-Sn-bn-epw ap-I-fn-ep-am-bn Im-Wp-¶ A-S-bv-¡m\pw Xp-d-¡m\pw I-gn-bp-¶  A-t\-Im-bncw kq£v-a Zzm-c-§-fm-b kv-täm-taä (Stomata) I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. Cu kv-täm-ta-ä-I-Ä kq-cy {]-Im-i-¯n Xp-d-¡p-Ibpw kq-cy {]-Im-iw CÃm-¯-t¸mÄ A-S-ªn-cn-¡p-I-bpw sN-¿pw. kv-täm-ta-ä-IÄ Xp-d-¶n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ am-{X-amWv {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ \-S-¡p-¶-Xpw A-\p-_-Ô-ambn {]Imi kwivtf-j-W-hpw \-S-¡p-¶-Xv. sh-bn-en-sâbpw Im-än-sâ-bpw i-àn-b-\p-k-cn¨v P-e\-ãw Iq-Sn-h-cn-Ibpw A-an-X-am-b co-Xn-bn k-ky-¯n \n-¶pw P-e\-ãw D-­m-Ip-t¼mÄ C-e-IÄ hm-Sn-Xp-S-§p-I-bpw kv-täm-ta-ä-I-Ä A-S-bp-I-bpw {Sm³kv]n-td-j\pw {]Imi kwivtf-j-W-hpw \-S-¡m-sX h-cn-Ibpw sN-¿pw.

 

th-cn-\p-­m-Ip-¶ £-Xw, s]«n-t]mIÂ, a-®n-se P-emw-i-Ip-d-hv, I\¯ sh-bnepw- Im-äpw, A-[n-I C-e-`m-cw F¶nh aqew h-en-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ P-e-¯n-sâ A-f-hn-t\-¡mfpw Iq-SpXÂ {Sm³-kv-]n-tc-j-³ aq-e-ap-­m-Ip-¶ P-e\-ãw h-cn-Ibpw Bb-Xv C-e-I-fpw ar-Zp X-­p-I-fpw hm-Sn-X-fÀ-¶v t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\-Xn-\pw Im-c-W-am-Ipw. k-ky-¯nÂ-\n-¶p-­m-Ip-¶ Iq-Sp-XÂ P-e\-ãwsXm-enIÄ D-W-§n X-­nÂ-\n-¶pw hn«p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\pw X-­p-I-fnepw th-cp-I-fnepw B-´-cn-I-hpw _m-ly-hp-am-b ap-dn-hp-IÄ D-­m-Ip-Ibpw B-b-Xn-sâ B-Lm-X-a-\p-k-cn-¨v h-fÀ-¨ ap-c-Sn-¡p-I-tbm ssX-IÄ I-cn-ªpW-§n \-in¨p-t]m-Ip-Itbm sN-¿pw.

 

C-e-I-fpw ar-Zp X-­p-Ifpw hm-Sn-Xq§n \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xpw, C-e-IÄ I-cn-ªp-W§n-tbm  aq-s¸-¯m-sX ]-gp-¯p sIm-gn-ªv t]m-Ip-¶-Xpw, ap-Ip-f-§Ä I-cn-ªp-W-§p-¶-Xpw, X-­n-sâ ap-IÄ-`m-Kw am{Xw I-cn-ªpW-§n \nÂ-Ip-¶-Xpw, A-Sn-`m-K-¯p-\n¶pw ]mÀ-i ap-Ip-f-§Ä Iq-Sp-X-em-bn D-­m-Ip-¶Xpw sNSn ]qÀ-®-am-bn \-in¨p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xpw C-Xn-sâ e-£-W-§-fmWv. B-Lm-X-¯n \n¶pw ]qÀ-W-tXm-Xn ap-àn-t\-Sp-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼pX-s¶ sh-Å-s¡«v, i-à-am-b th-\Â, t{^m-kv-äv Xp-S§n-b {]-Xn-Iq-e kw-`-h§sf A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t¡-­n h-¶m \m-i-\nc-¡v hÀ-²n-¡pw.

 

B-b-Xn-\m ssX-IÄ \-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼pw \-«-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw, th-cp-IÄ Xzcn-X K-Xn-bn h-fÀ¶v {Sm³-kv-]n-tc-j-³ aq-e-ap-­m-Ip-¶ P-e\-ãw ]-cn-l-cn-¡m³ X¡ ti-jn ssI-h-cn-¡p¶-Xv hsc {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ Pe-\jvSw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv¡m-\pw- B-h-iy-¯n-\v P-ew \Â-Ip-I-¶-Xn\p apÅ \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzo-I-cn-t¡-­Xv AX-y-m-h-i-y-am-Wv. C-e-IÄ sIm-gn-ªv t]m-Im-sX ]p-Xp-\m-¼p-IÄ h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv  dq-«v tjm-¡v ssX-IÄ hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn Xc-Ww sN-bv-Xp h-fÀ-¨ B-cw-`n¨p-I-gn-ªp F-¶-Xn-\p-Å e-£-W-w.

ssX-I-fnÂ\n-¶pw {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ Pe-\jvSw aq-e-ap-­m-Ip-¶  dq-«v tjm-¡v e-LqIcn¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å amÀ-K§Ä

1.      \-Sp-¶-Xn-\v ap³]v ssX-IÄ ]-cn-]m-en-¡p-Ibpw ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-t¼mgpw {i²n-t¡­ Imc-y-§Ä

1. th-cp-I-fp-sS h-f-À¨-bv-¡v B-h-iyam-b h-ep-¸-¯n-ep-Å Iq-Sv AY-hm sN-Sn-¨-«n-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-¡pI.

2. A-\p-tbm-Pyam-b t]m-«nw-Kv aoUn-b D-]-tbm-Kn¡pI

3. th-cp-IÄ-¡v £-X-ap-­m-Im-sX-bpw s]m-«n-t¸m-Im-sXbpw ssXIÄ ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-I.

4. Iq-S-I-fnepw sN-Sn-¨-«n-I-fn-ep-apÅ t]m-«nw-Kv an-{in-Xw F-t¸mgpw \-\-hp-Å-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww. A-Xv H-cn-¡epw D-W-§n-t¸m-I-cpXv.

5. i-à-am-b sh-bnepw Im-äpw aq-ew D-­m-Ip¶ _m-jv-]o-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw {Sm³kv]n-td-j-sâbpw tXm-Xp-Ip-d-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn ssX-IÄ-¡v X-WÂ \Â-IpI.

6. C-e-`m-cw Iq-Sp-X-se-¦n C-e-I-Ä Ipd-¨v ]-dn-¨p-I-ftªm h-ep-¸w ]-Ip-Xn-bm-¡n apdn-¨p-amäntbm kv-täm-ta-ä-I-fp-sS F-®w Ipd¨v {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ tXm-Xv Ip-d-bv¡mw

7.

2.     ssXIÄ hm-l-\§fn IbänsIm-­p-h-cp-t¼m-gpw ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-t¼mgpw {i²n-t¡­ Imc-y-§Ä

bm-{X-bn Iq-S-ss¯-I-Ä Ip-ep-§nbpw a-dn-ªp-hoWpw a-®nf-In sN-dp-th-cp-IÄ s]m«n-t]m-Im\pw X-­v H-Snªp-t]m-Im-\pw sh-bn-enepw hm-l-\-Ne-\w aq-e-ap-­m-Ip¶ Im-ä¯pw Iq-Sp-X-em-bp-­m-Ip-¶ _m-jv-]o-I-c-W-¯n-epw {Sm³-kv-]n-td-j-\pw aq-ew a-®pw ssX-I-fpw DW-§n hmSn-t]m-Im³ km[y-X Iq-Sp-X-emWv.- C-e-I-fnÂ-Iq-Sn-bp-Å {Sm³-kv-]n-tc-j-³ aq-e-ap-­m-Ip-¶ P-e\-ãw th-cp-IÄ-¡p \n-I-¯m-\m-Im-sX h-cn-Ibpw Bb-Xv C-e-I-fpw ar-Zp X-­p-I-fpw hm-Sn-X-fÀ-¶v t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\-Xn-\pw Im-c-W-am-Ipw. k-ky-¯nÂ-\n-¶p-­m-Ip-¶ Iq-Sp-X P-e\-ãwsXm-enIÄ D-W-§n X-­nÂ-\n-¶pw hn«p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\pw X-­p-I-fnepw th-cp-I-fnepw B-´-cn-I-hpw _m-ly-hp-am-b ap-dn-hp-IÄ D-­m-Ip-Ibpw sN¿pw-.bm-{X-bn Xs¶-tbm A-Xn-\p-ti-jtam C-e-I-fpw ar-Zp X-­p-Ifpw hm-Sn-Xq§n \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xpw C-e-IÄ I-cn-ªp-W§n \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xpw {Sm³-kv-t]mÀ-t«j³ kv-s{S-Êp-aq-e-amWv. Cu B-Lm-Xw am-dm-sX ssX-IÄ \-«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¨m C-eIÄ a-ª-fn¨v aq-s¸-¯m-sX ]-gp-¯p sIm-gn-ªv t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\pw, A{Kap-Ip-f-§Ä I-cn-ªp-W-§n ]mÀ-i ap-Ip-f-§Ä Iq-Sp-X-em-bn D-­m-Ip-¶-Xn-\pwIm-c-W-am-Ip-Ibpw CXv ]p-Xp \m-¼p-I-fp-­mbn kz-`mhn-I h-fÀ-¨ Xp-S-§p-¶-Xn\v Im-e-Xma-kw h-cp-¯p-sa-¶-Xn-\m Sm³-kv-t]mÀ-t«j³ kv-s{S-Ênsâ B-Lm-Xw Ip-d-¡p-hm-\p-Å ap³-I-cp-X-ep-IÄ F-Sp-t¡­-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-amWv.

1.      th-cn-\v £-X-ap-Å-Xpw tcm-K-_m-[-bp-ÅXpw B-tcm-Ky-anÃm-¯-Xpamb ssX-IÄ H-gn-hm-¡Ww.

2.     Iq-S-I-fnepw sN-Sn-¨-«n-I-fn-ep-apÅ t]m-«nw-Kv an-{in-Xw F-t¸mgpw \-\-hp-Å-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww. A-Xv H-cn-¡epw D-W-§n-t¸m-I-cpXv. hm-l-\-¯n I-b-äp-¶-Xn-\p ap³]pw bm-{X-bn-epw hm-l-\-¯n \n-¶pw C-d¡n-b ti-j-hpw a®pw C-e-I-fpw \ÃXp-t]m-se \-\-bp-¶ co-Xn-bn \\-¨p sIm-Sp-t¡-­-XmWv.

3.     C-e-`m-cw Iq-Sp-X-em-sW¦n-tem th-cp-IÄ Ip-d-hm-sW¦ntem Xm-gv-`m-K-¯n \n¶pw C-e-IÄ A-SÀ-¯n-am-äm-hp-¶-Xpw ap-IÄ-`m-K-¯p-\n¶pw C-e-I-fp-sS taÂ-]-Ip-Xn ap-dn-¨p I-f-bm-hp-¶-Xp-am-Wv. CXv  {Sm³-kv-]n-td-j-³ aq-e-ap-Å P-e\-ãw K-Wy-am-bn Ip-d-¡pw.

4.     ssXIÄ hml-\-¯n sIm­p-t]m-Ip-¶ h-gn-bn D-bÀ-¶v s]m§ntbm a-dn-ªphotWm a-®nf-¡w X«n  sN-dp-th-cp-IÄ s]m«n-t]m-Im-sXbpw X-­v H-Snªp-t]m-Im-sXbpw ssX-IÄ A-Sp-¸n¨v ASp¡n shbvt¡-­-Xpw a-dn-ªp-hoWp-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-¡p-hm³ k-t¸mÀ-«v \Â-Ip-Ibpw thWw.

5.     ià-amb shbnepw Imäpw ssXI-fn ASn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m¯hn[w ad\ÂInbpw hml\w ]Xps¡ HmSn¨pw am{Xta ssXIÄ {Sm³kvt]mÀ«v sN¿m-hq. ssXIÄ sshIp-t¶-c-§-fn hml-\-§-fn IS-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw D¯-aw.

6.     hml-\-¯n sIm­p-h-cp¶ ssXIÄ XW-e¯v Cd¡n ASp¡n shbvt¡-­Xpw At¸mÄ Xs¶ \\¨p sImSp-t¡-­-Xp-am-Wv. ITn-\-amb shbntem Imtäm ASn-bv¡msX ad \ÂtI-­Xpw a®v Ft¸mgpw \\-hmÀ¶n-cnt¡-­XpamWv.

3.     ssX-IÄ \-Sp-t¼mÄ {i²n-t¡­ Imc-y-§Ä

1.      \-Sp-¶ a-®n-\v P-emw-iw ]n-Sn-¨p \nÀ-¯m-\p-Å I-gn-hp-­m-bn-cn-¡Ww.

2.     Iq-Sv AY-hm sN-Sn¨-«n am-äp-¶-Xn-\v ap³]v ssX-IÄ \ÃXp-t]m-se \\-¨p sIm-Sp-¡Ww, a-®n-\nf-¡w X-«n th-cp-IÄ s]m-«m-sX {i-²n-¨p-th-Ww ]v-fnânw-Kv tlm-fn h-bv-¡p-hm³.

3.     \-« DS³Xs¶ ssXIÄ \\¨p sImSp-t¡-­-Xp-am-Wv.

4.     B-h-iy-sa-¦n C-e-I-Ä Ipd-¨v ]-dn-¨p-I-ftªm h-ep-¸w ]-Ip-Xn-bm-¡n apdn-¨p-amäntbm v {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ tXm-Xv Ip-d-bv¡mw

4.     ssX-IÄ \-«Xn-\p-tijw {i²n-t¡­ Imc-y-§Ä

1.      ]p-Xp-Xmbn \-«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ ssX-IÄ-¡v A-h-bp-sS th-cp-IÄ h-fÀ-¶v  P-em-Knc-Ww Im-cy-£-a-am-Ip-¶-Xp-h-sc {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ aq-e-ap-Å AanX P-e\-ãw H-gn-hm¡n  {Sm³kv]vfmânwKv kvs{SÊv  Ip-d-t¡­-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-amWv. P-e\-ãw \n-I-¯m-\mbn \Sp-¶-Xn\v ap³]pw \«-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw ssXIfpw ]vfmânwKv X-Shpw \ÃXp-t]m-se \-\¨p-sIm-Sp-¡pI,

2.     kq-cy-{]-Im-iw Ipd-¨v {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ tXmXv Ip-d-¡m-\m-bn X-WÂ \Â-IpI.

3.    B-h-iy-sa-¦n Ce-I-fpsS F®w Ipd¨pw Ce-IÄ ]Ip-Xn-bmbn apdn¨p Ifªpw  {Sm³kv]n-td-j³ \jvStXm-Xv Ip-d-bv¡p-I.